Solidification of sandy soils



5 Sheets-Sheet l June 11, 1940. J. w. scHwAB Er AL SOLIDIFICATIDN 0F SANDY SOILS Filed nec. 2, 1937 XNVENTOR JAMES w. SCHWAB SAMUEL FoRnE Powsu GUY 5mn-H BY GM Dm wm 1V QAM@ ATTORNEYS J. w. SCHWAB ET A. 2,203,881 SOLIDIFIYCATIQN 0F SANDY SOIIiS June l1, 1940.

Filed Dec. 2, 1937 5 Sheets-Shet 2 INVENTOR JAMES w. cHwA .1 SAMlL FORDE POWELL UY SMITH 53 56 Bv 36 RW uw WMM- www?,

ATTORNEYS June 11, 1940. J. w SCHWAB Er AL 2,203,881

SOLIDIFICATION 0F SANDY SOILS Filed Dec. 2, 1937 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 June 11, 1940.

J. W. SCHWAB El' AL 4SOLIDIFICAIION 0F SANDYl SOILS Filed Dec. 2,' `1937 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 {1- m no H2 Lv V INVENTOR JAMES wscHwAB SAMUEL FoRnE PowELL BY GUY `SMITH J. W. SCHWAB El' AL SOLIDIFIVCATION OF SANDY SUILS June 11, 1940,

Filed nec.. 2,. 1937 5 sheets-sheet 5.

Fig. Ilia INVENTOR JAMES WSCHWAB .SAMUEL FORDE POWELL BY GUY SMITH P D n 1V al 'n Al IORNEYS vides an improved apparatus for handling molten Patented June l1, 1940 l PATENT ,OFFICE SOLIDIFICATION 0F SANDY SOILSl James W. Schwab, Samuel Forde Powell, and Guy Smith, Newgulf, Tex., assignors to Texas Gulf Sulphur Company, houston, Tex., a corpora-V tion of Texas Application December 2, 1937, vSerial No. 177,756

14 Claims.

ticularly, the invention is concerned with the in!- troduction of molten sulphur in'to sandy soils for solidifyingor consolidating purposes, and prosulphur and introducing it into sub-surface strata of sandy or other loose formations.

It has been proposed heretofore to use molten,

sulphur to solidify loose soils and to :tlll crevices in sub-surface strata, but up to the present time such proposals have not been commercially employed. To a considerable extent, this has been due to the lack of suitable equipment for injecting molten sulphur into subsurface strata. AlV

though molten sulphur is not corrosive and isl fluid at only moderately high temperatures, it has been found diicult, with heretofore available apparatus, to cause the sulphur to penetrate properly through the stratum desired to be solidified. Y

Solidiication .of la sub-surface stratum with sulphur involves introducing molten sulphur into the stratum through a suitably cased well hole, and the sulphur, whilepassing down the well, must be heated in order to maintain it fluid. lIn consequence, the well casing and the ground immediately about the casing are unavoidably heatedl during the injection operation, and the sulphur discharged at the bottom of the well, instead of distributing itself properly through the cool stratum intended to be solidified, tends to return tothe surface around the heated well casing. Preheating the loose stratum with steam -prior to introducing the molten sulphur eifec# tively increases the range of penetration of the molten sulphur near the point in the stratum where it is introduced, but at the same time, owing to the longer period during which the well is heated, the tendency of the molten sulphur to return to the'surface about the well casing is not appreciably diminished.

The present invention provides apparatus for introducing molten sulphur into sub-surface strata that to a considerable extent at least overcomes diiliculties heretofore encountered in such operations. Although the apparatus Vof the invention is particularly well suited for introducing molten sulphur into sub-surface strata, it. may

be employed also` for introducing other sub` stances than'moltensulphur underground, and for other purpes requiring apparatus of the type provided by the invention. j L

casing. A steam-sulphur conduit extends longi- (oi. si-ss) .The apparatus of the invention comprises a combination of units forlconveying molten sulphur or the like from a lixed source to the place where the sulphur is to be utilized. 'I'he units making up the complete apparatus of the inven- 5 tion comprise a'cylindrical casing for insertion into a,well,` aste'am-sulphur injection tube extending substantially concentrically through the casing for injecting steam and sulphur into the strata penetrated by the well, and an extensible manifold for connecting the injection tube with the source of molten sulphur.

` The casing comprises a cylindrical casing member having 'a spiral (helical) packen `element formed about and secured to the exterior of the casing member. A jack, comprising a jack plate secured to the upper end of the cylindrical casing member and one or more jack ,screws adapted to bear against the ground and press upwardly against the jack plate, is provided for wedging the casing with its packer tightly in the well.

The steam-sulphur injection tube comprises a cylindrical heating jacket adapted to extend substantially concentrically through the cylindrical tudinally through the heating jacket in spaced,

v non-,communicating relationship with the interior thereof, means are provided for introducing steam intothe heating jacket, and a condensate bleeder extends longitudinally through the in terior of the heating jacket from a point adjacent the top to a point near the bottom thereof for the purpose of withdrawing condensate from the heating jacket. Preferably,` an insulating jacket surrounding but spaced from the conden,l sate bleeder encloses the latter substantially from one end to the other to provide adead air space immediately` about the bleeder. If desired, a wash line may extend through the heating jacket for the purpose of supplying water to wash the 40 injection tube unit'into sandy soil.

The steam-sulphur manifold is an extensible assembly comprising inner and outer telescoping elements. The outer element comprises a jacket having a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally therethrough in spacedv non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof. A separate steam -supply conduit and means connecting it with the interior of the jacket also are provided.` The inner element vo'l` the manifold 50 comprises a tubular Vjacket through which a Vsteam-sulphur conduit extends in spaced, non.-- communicating relationship With the interior ably connected with the jacket of the and another packing gland secured to the steam supplyconduit of the. outer element is packed against the steam supply conduit ofthe inner element. These packing glands serve to prevent leakage of sulphur and steam from the manifold without interfering with its extensibility.

The steam-sulphur. conduit of the inner element ofthe telescoping manifold assembly is connected'to the steam-sulphur conduit of the injection tube unit, and means are provided for connecting the steam-sulphur conduit of the .outer element of the manifold with a supply of lsteam and also with a source of molten sulphur.

y The means by which the steam-sulphur conduit of the outer element of the manifold is 'connected with the source of sulphur preferably comprises a sulphur conduit connected with the'.

source and having a portion turnable about its axis. The runof a T'is connected in the turn- 'able section of thelsulphurconduit, and a second T is clamped .to the rst with its outlet bearing against the outlet ofthe T in the turnable section vof the sulphur conduit. Steam Jacketed valvemeansconnect the .run of the second with the ysteam-sulphur conduit of the outer element of the manifold unit. Advantageously, an annular steam jacket sur# rounds 'adjacent' portions of the outlets of the two .Ts, and a steam gut line extends into the run of the second T. Means are provided for supplying steam to the jacket of the valve means, the jacket surrounding the outlet of the Ts, and the gutV line.

`The nature'of Athe apparatus will be better understood from 'the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is an elevation of the apparatus of the invention in its preferred complete form; Fig. 2 is a plan view ofthe apparatus shown in -'Fig. 3 is an elevation o f the casing assembly with-the injection tube assembly, shown partially in section, extending therethrough;

Fig. 4'is an enlargedjyiew of the upper engl of the injection tube 4 assembly shown in Fig. 3;.

Fig. 5 is a plan View, partially in section, of the steam-sulphur manifold assembly and the means by which it is connected to the injection tube assembly and to a source of molten sulphur;

Fig.. 6 is an enlarged'view of the end of the steam-sulphur manifold assembly connected to the injection tube assembly;

Fig. '7 is a cross-section of the manifold as.

sembly taken substantially along the line 1--1 of Fig. .6;

Fig. 8 is a cross-section of the manifold assembly taken substantially along the line 8-8 of [source of molten sulphur;

- Fig. 10 is a cross-section taken substantially 75 along the line I U-I 0 of Fig. 5, showing in -ele-v vation the means by which the manifold assembly is connected to a source of steam and a source of molten sulphur;

Fig. 11 is a cross-section taken substantially along the line Il-Il of Fig. 9;

Fig. 12 is a view taken substantially along the line |2-I2 of Fig.'9;

Fig. 13 is an elevationsimilar to Fig. 3, showing partially in section a modified form of an injector tube assembly; and

Fig. 14 is a view similarto Fig.f 13, but showing partially insection still another form of an injector tube assembly.

The preferred complete apparatus of the invention shown in Figs. 1 and 2 comprises a casing unit 20, an injection tube unit 2|, an extensible manifold 22, and means 23 connecting the manifold with a conduit 2l leading `from a source of molten sulphur.

The 'casing unit, shown in detail in Fig. 3,

.comprises a` cylindrical casing member 25 having a' spiral (helical) packer element 2B formed thereabout and secured thereto. The casing ,may be 'introduced into a well drilled approximately to the outer diameter of the casing member 25 .by insertingittherein up to the lower end ofthe spiral packer 26 and then feeding it down by a screwing operation.

A jack 21 is provided for wedging the casing securely inthe well after insertion.V The jack comprises a jack plate 28 mounted on the casing adjacent the upper end thereof and jack screws 2.9 adapted to bear against the ground and press upwardly against the jack plate.- As shown in the drawings, the jack screws do not bear directly against the ground, but are supported on an annular ring 30 surrounding the casingfthe ring itself being supported by the Aground or by a suitable kfoundationplaced onthe ground. Thev jack screws are provided with nuts 3| engaging -with thejack plate 28. By turning up on the nuts 3|, an upwardly acting force is exerted on the jack plate and on the casing on which it is mounted. With the casing and;its spiral packer' Aof washing the casing into sandy soil during installation thereof. v

The injection tube unit 2| that extends through Athe casing comprises a tubular jacket 33 through which alsteam-sulphur conduit 3l passes. The steam-sulphur conduit does not communicate with .the interior of the jacket, being sealed'therefrom at either end by plugs 35,- 36.

A valved steam pipe 31 connected to the jacket i serves for introducing steam into the jacket. A

suitably valved condensate bleeder 38 extends through the jacket 33 from a point adjacent the upper end to near the lower end thereof for the purpose of withdrawing condensate from the jacket. f

In operation, the injection tube unit 2l extends through' the casing unit 28 to av point that may be considerably below the lower end of the casing (the casing unit is essentially surface equipment and ordinarily does not extend very deeplyl into a well) 4Steam admitted to the jacket 33 of the injection tube unit throughthesteam pipe 31 maintains sulphur passing throughv the steamsulphur conduit 34. in a fluid condition during its passage down the well, and the pressure of the steam in the jacket forces condensateforming therein out through the bleeder pipe 39.V

If the well is particularly deep and the injection tube is of considerable length, h'ot steam admitted to the jacket of the injection tube near the upper end thereof tends to vaporize 'condensate in the upper end of thebleeder, resulting in the discharge of steam from the bleeder and loss l0 of heat from the jacket; The lower end of the space between the bleeder 3l and the insulating j,

jacket 39 is closed to the admission of 'steam/ from the interiorv of the jacket by means of a plug 46 at the lower end of the insulating jacket. A dead air space thus is provided immediately about the condensate bleeder, with. the result vthat the bleeder is insulated from the heat of the 26- steam admitted to the jacket and the tendency for the condensate passing out through the bleeder to be vaporlzed `is minimized.

'I'he steam-sulphur conduitl34 passing through the jacket 33 of the injection tube unit is shown in Figs. 3 and 13 as opening to theexterior-of the jacket at'the lower end thereof. It may be de- 'sired in some instances, to discharge sulphur from the injectiontube rat a point somewhat above the lower end of the injection tube unit. In zu; such cases', the steam-sulphur conduit .34, of the injection tube unit' mayopen tothe exterior of lthe jacket33 throughl an opening -.4I in a wall of the jacket at a point somewhat above the lower end thereof (Fig. 14).' 'I'his arrangement is par- 40 ticularly advantageous when the injection tube unit is to be Washed intoa sandy strata during injection of steam or molten sulphur or between Isulphur injections. .lector tube unit may include a suitably valved g5 wash une 42 extending through the interior -of 55 33 of the injection tube unit. for the purpose of washing the' casing into the ground, with the injection tube in place. The packing gland 43 also serves to prevent molten sulphur from return to the surface through the space between the injec- 00 tion tube unit and the interior of the casing.

The upper end'fof .the jacket v33, which forms the outer element ofl the injection tube unit, is

fitted with a flange 44 for coupling a suitable header 45 to the injection tube unit. The header 65. 45 advantageously comprises a jacket memberv 46' vin the form of a T, within which is mounted a "steam-sulphur T conduit 41. A flange 49 secured v to the header jacket 46 provides for bolting the header to the flange 44 ofthe injection tube unit.

70 The steam-sulphur T conduit 41 inthe header is blocked from communication with the interior of the headerjacket 46 by suitable closure plugs 49.

The T conduit 41 opens to the exterior of the header, however. so that, with the header in posi- 75; tion on the injection tube unit, steam or sulphur 4spaced relationship withthewa'lls of the jacket. l The steam-sulphur conduit is blocked from com- For` 'such operation, the vinpassing into the'T conduit may discharge therefrom jinto the steam-sulphur conduit 34 ofthe injector tube unit. A plug 50 may be provided in the T conduit 41 so that access may be had to the' interior of the T con uit 41 and the i'hterior 6 o'f the steam-sulphur nduit 34 without detaching the header from the 'injection tube assembly. A pipe `5| serves to admit steam or hot water to the' interior of the jacket of the header, and a valved .bleeder 52 permits withdrawal of such l0 heating medium after passage through the header jacket.

The steam-sulphur manifold (Figs. 5 to 8) through'which steam and molten sulphur are admitted to the injection tube through the header 16 45 comprises inner and outer telescoping members 53 and 54. The telescoping nature of the manifold assembly renders it extensible, which characteristic is necessary in order to permit jacking of the casing as described above with- 20 out disconnecting the manifold. When the casing is jacked up a few inches, the length of the manifold must be increased somewhat in order to avoid bending or straining 'the injection tube unit, and this lengthening is permitted by the 26 extensible nature -of the telescopingmanifold. 'I'he extensibility of the manifold also is of value when itis desired to add sections to the injection tube unit, for the addition of such sections necesy. sitates longermanifold. The telescoping nature 80. of the manifold also permits the injection tube to be washed deeper into the well without detaching the manifold or placing the injection tube under strain because, as Vthe injectiontube passes downwardly, the manifold telescopes and short- $5 ens tothe extent required. l

The inner member 53 of the manifold comprises a jacket member 55 through the interior of-which a steam-sulphur conduit 56 extends in munication with the interior of the jacket 55 by suitable closure plugs 51 at either end. 'A steam supply line 5I connects with the jacket 55y and serves to admit steam thereto. A steam and con` 45 densate return line 59 extends through the jacket 55 from a point adjacent one end nearly to the other end thereof. d 'I'he supply line and condensate return line are so arranged that steam admitted to the jacket 55 throgh the supply line 50 58 must pass substantially the length of the jacket 55 and then returned through .the return line 59.

In this manner, the steam-sulphur line 56 of the inner telescoping member is kept heated throughout its length so that there will be no danger of 65. sulphur 'freezing therein.

The outer telescoping member 54 of the manifold comprises a jacket 60 through the interior of which alsteam-sulphur conduit l6i extends in sub-A stantially concentic, spaced relation. The 60 steam-sulphur conduit 6I is blocked at each end 0 from communication with the annular space between it and the jacket byV suitable annular closure plugs .52. A separate steam supply line 63 extend substantially parallel to the jacket 60 65 cates with the interior ol the jacket through a suitable cross-over pipe 64.

In the assembled manifold, the jacket 55 of the inner element telescopes into' the steam-sulphur conduit 6I` of the outer element and the steam 70 supply line 59 of the inner element telescopes into the steam supply line 63 of the outer element.` A packing gland 65 secured to the jacket 69 of the outer element is packed against the jacket 55 of the inner element to form asealed 75` union between j'these two members. A similar 4 in the steam supply line 63 of the outer element.

the' manifold is extended.

Steam or sulphur` admitted tothe steam-sulphur conduit 6I' of the outer unit may discharge therefrom only through the steam-sulphur conduit 56 -of the inner unit, for access to the interior of the jacket 55 of the inner unit is prevented by the plugs 51, and escape of steam or sulphur from the `steam--sulphur conduit 6I of the outer unit is prevented bythe packing gland 65.

Steam enteringthe steam supplyline 63 passes in part through the annular space between the line 63 of the outer element and the line 58 of the inner element and through the cross-over connection '64 into the jacket 60 of the outer unit, and in part through the steam supply line 58 of the inner unit .into `the jacket 55 there; of. The escape of steamfrom the steam supply line 63 of the outer element is prevented bythe packing. gland 66. f. Thus, the steam-sulphur conduits 56 and 6i of the inner and outerI elements provide only a single path for the passage of steam or sulphur admitted to the conduit of the outer (or inner) elementpand steam is supplied at all times to the jackets 55 and'lill of both elements, regardless of the degree to which The amount bywhich the manifold may be lengthened. is governed only by the length of its component elements. With a manifold such as that shown and described, having two telescoping elements, the maximunilength of the manifold is somewhat less than twice its minimum length.

The inner unit vof the telescoping manifold -assembly is connected with the header 45 of the injection tube unit in order to deliver steam or sulphur supplied to the Ymanifold to the injection l tube. vAs shown in the drawings, this connection is made simply by means of an elbow 61 connected to the end o f the vjacket 55 of the inner unit ofi the manifold'and to the outlet portion of the T-shaped header 45. Because of the closure plugs 51 and 49, only material passing through the steam-sulphur conduit 56 of the inner unit of the manifold may discharge into the elbow, andthis material may discharge from 'the elbow only into .the steam-sulphur T conduit'41 of the header.

The elbow 61 is connected to the jacket 55` by means of engaging screw threads or in any other suitable manner.

Connection of the elbow 61 to the outletportion means permitting the elbowto be turned in a plane perpendicularjto the axis of the outlet portion lof the headerjacket 46.

Preferably, the steam pr condensate discharging from the jacket 55 of the inner unit of the manifold assembly passes into a discharge'plpe 66 conneced by means of a union 69 to the supply line l5l feeding the interior of the jacket 46 ofthe injection tube header 45. In this manner, the steam or hot condensate passingfrom the jacket 55 of the inner unit of .the manifold is utilized to vmaintain the required temperature in the jacket 46 of the header before being dis--` charged through the bleeder 52. The union 65 furnishes a convenient means for connecting the discharge line 68 and the supply line 5I after `connecting the inner unit of the 4manifold assembly to the header by means of. the elbow 61.

The elbow 61 is not jacketed in the apparatus shown in the drawings because it is quite short andthe loss of heat therefrom is small. The danger of sulphur solidifying in this elbow is not great enough to warrant, inv ordinary installations, the trouble necessary member with a jacket.

i0 to provide this ,k

The valved steam pipe 31 through which steam is admitted tothe jacket 33 of the injection tube assembly connectsV through a T 31a, with the steam supply line 58. Elbows` 3111 in the steam pipe 31 accommodate the slight turning moments imposed thereon when the injection tube assembly is kraised vor lowered in the well.

Suitable means are provided for admitting steam and for admittingv sulphur to the steamsulphur' conduit 6I of the outer element cf the telescoping manifold assembly (Figs. 5 and 9 to 11). Steam is 4admitted to this conduit from a supply line 10 (Figs. -5, 9 and 12) through a jacketed steam supply control valve 1|. The steam supply'line10 feeds directly into the control valve,1l 'on one side thereoffand on the other side the valve is connectedv by means of a conduit 12 with'the steam-sulphur conduit 6I of the outerrelement of the manifold. The conduit 12'i's enclosedin a jacket 13 communicating with the interior of the vjacket 66 of the outer unit of the. manifold. The conduit 'I2 is blocked from communication with'the interior of the jacket 13 surrounding it by means of a suitable closure plug 14. Steam thus may pass from the supply line 10 through the vcontrol valve 1| into the interior of the steam-sulphur conduit 6I of the `outer element of the manifold assembly and through thek manifold as described above to the injection tube unit in-the well. The vamount of steam .passing to the well is controlled by the steam supply control4 valve 1l.

Advantageously, a valved bleeder pipe 15 confv nects with the steam supply line 10 close to the point at which this line enters the valve 1l, thereby to permit withdrawing condensate forming in the steam supply line and thus to avoid introducing such condensate into thel steam-sulphur conduit 6I. A A

The means by which molten sulphur is intro# 5 duced into the steam-sulphur conduit sa of the k o uter element of the manifold comprise a sul,- phur conduit 16 leading from a source of molten sulphur. A steam Agut line.11 extends through the sulphurconduit 16 in -order to maintain the sulphur in 'the conduit molten. A section18 of the conduit 16 is so arranged as to be turn? able'about the axis of the,conduit. Advantageously, this section 18' is connected to the remainder of the conduit 16 through suitable internally threaded couplings 19 and 80. Each k couplingis in threaded engagement with an end ofthe turnable section 18 andan adjacent portion of the conduit 16, but one of the couplings 19 is .provided lwith lefthand threads while the other coupling 80 is provided with' righthand Y threads. The ends of the turnable section 18 are spaced within the couplings 19 and 80 a short 'distance from adjacent ends of the conduit 16, Y

so thatv the section 18 may turn in either direc# tion about its axis in a manner similarl to that by which the buckle portion of a turnbuckle turns about the two screw portions thereof.

35 to permit jacking of the casing 28 as described the extent necessary. The turning moment im- 'I'he run 8| of a lower T 82 is connected in the turnable section 18 of the sulphur conduit, and an-upper T 83 is mounted on the lower T with its outlet 84 bearing against the outlet 85 of the lower T. Advantageously, a gasket of asbestos or the like is interposed between the adjacent ends of the outlets of the two Ts. A T clamp comprising bars 81 and tic bolts 88 secures the two Ts together. `'Ihe whole assembly thus is such that it may turn in a vertical plane about the axis of the sulphur conduit 16 and, by loosening the tie bolts 88 of the T clamp, the upper T 83 may be turned in a horizontal plane about the axis of' its outlet 84.

The run 89 of the upper IT 83 connects with one side of a steam jacketed sulphur supp'ly control valve 98, and the other side of this'valve is connected' to the outer element of the manifold assembly in such manner that a passage through the valve is provided from the interior of the upper T 83 to the interior of the steamsulphur conduit 6| of Vthe manifold. Molten sulphur thus may flow from the source through the conduit 16 and the turnable section 18 thereof, through the Ts 82 and 83, and through the sulphur control valve 98 into the steam-sulphur conduit Vlil of the outer element of the manifold assembly, thence to ow as described above through the manifold to the injection tube unit and through the injection tube unit to the point of utilization in a sub-surface stratum.

Ability of the means connecting the manifold assembly with the sulphur conduit 16 to be turned about the axis of the conduit cooperates with the extensibility of the manifold assembly above, or to permit' vertical movement of the injection tube unit 2| independently of the casing, without-*disconnecting the injection tube from the sulphur supply conduit and even'without interrupting the supply of steam or sulphur to the injection tube. If the injection tube is moved vertically, for example, the turnable section 18 of the sulphur supply conduit accommodates turning moment imposed thereon and the telescoping manifold lengthens or shortens to posed upon the elbow 61 during such movement of the injection tube unit is accommodated by the nature of the connection between the elbow and the header I5 atop the injection tube unit. Motion relative to stationary steam pipes of the steam supply line 18 and the jacket steam supply line 63 during vertical movement of the injection tube unit most conveniently is accommodated by connecting these steam supply lines to the stationary steam pipes by means of short lengths of flexible steam hose. Although it is possible to provide an all-metallic connection between the steam lines 18 and 63 and iixed steam pipes, such connection in most instances entails more expense and trouble than it is worth, for very satisfactory flexible steam hoses are available at relatively low cost.

'I'he passage for molten sulphur through the two Ts 82 and 83 and the valve 98 to the steamsulphur conduit 6| of the outer element of the `manifold' assembly is sufficiently long to justify the provision of heating means for maintaining the sulphur therein molten. The steam gut line 11 extending through the sulphur conduit Aflli and `the'turnable section 18 thereof extends through the run 8| of the lower T 82, thereby providing for maintaining this portion of the lower T hot and, as mentioned abovezgthe sulphur supplyl control valve 98 is of the steam jacketed type. In .order to heat the adjoining outlets of the two Ts, an annular steam jacket 9| is mounted about these members. v

Sulphur in the run 89 of the upper T is maintained at an adequate temperature by means of a steam gut line 92 extending therethrough. The gut line 92 comprises a jacket 93 through substantially the entire length of which a steam line 94 extends. 'The inner end of the jacket 93 is closed by a plug 95, and an annular plug 96 closes the annular space between the jacket 93 and the steam line 94 at the outer end of the jacket. A short discharge conduit 91 communicates with the interior of the jacket 93 adjacent the annular plug 96 at the outer end of the jacket.` Thus, steam entering the steam line 94 at the end Where the latter opens to the exterior of the jacket 93 must pass through the steam line and return through the jacket before escapl ing through thedischarg'e conduitv91. A packing gland 91a secured to the run 89 .of the upper T 83 and packed against the jacket of the steam gut line 92 prevents the escape of sulphur from the upper T at the point of entrance of the gut line.

The steam supplied to the annular steam jacket 9|, the steam gut line 92, and the jacket of the valve 98, is taken from the interior of the jacket 68 of the outer" unit of thetelescoping manifold assembly. As mentioned above, steam surrounding the steam conduit 12 leading from the steam supply control valve 1| to the steamsulphur conduit 6| of the outer unit of the manifold. (As pointed out above, the jacket 13 coinmunicates with the interior of the jacket 88 of the outer unit of the manifold assembly.)

The discharge conduit 98 is connected by means of suitable piping 99 to the annular steam jacket 9| surrounding the outlets of the Ts 82 and 83. Steam passing from the annularsteam jacket 9| is conducted by suitable piping |88 to into the run of the upper T 83. The discharge conduit 9 1 of the gut line 92 is connected by means of piping |8| to the inlet conduit |82 feeding the jacket of the sulphur Supply control valve 98. Steam (and condensate) passes fromi the jacket of the valve 98 through a discharge conduit |83 and suitable piping |84 to the inlet conduit feeding the jacket of the steam supply control valve 1|. Steam and ycondensate escapes Vfrom the jacket of this valve through an outlet conduit |86 and a suitable valved bleeder |81.

By virtue of the piping arrangement described above, steam entering the jacket 88 of the outer u nit of the manifold assembly ilrst passes therethrough and thence to the annular jacket 9| surrounding the outlets of the Ts 82 and 83. The steam from the annular jacket is conducted tothe gut'line 92, and it passes in through the steam line 94 and out through ,the annular space between this steam lineand thejacket 93. The

steam passes from the gut line 92 to the jacket l the outer end of the steam gut line 92 extending v of the sulphur supply control valve 90, and from the jacket of this valve to the jacket of the steam supply control valve 1|. Condensate and such steam as remains uncondensed is discharged from the jacket of the latter valve through the bleeder |01. By controlling the valve in the bleeder |01, the rate of flow of steam into the jacket 60 of the outer unit and through succeeding heating elements to the jacket ofthe steamA supply control valve 1| may be governed within the necessary limits. f

In operating the apparatus of the invention, it is desirable to know the pressure at which steam or sulphur is being yforced through the manifold assembly and into the injection tube unit.` To this end, a suitable pressure gauge advantageously is connected to the outer element of the manifold assembly adjacent the points of connection thereof to the steam supply control valve 1| and the sulphur supply control valve 90. A suitably connected pressure gauge unit is shown in Fig. 10. The gauge comprises a dia-v a steam-sulphur chamber vinto which steam orv sulphur is .admitted through a conduit ||3 from the steam-sulphur conduit 6| of the outer element' of the manifold assembly. The steamsulphur chamber defined bythe lower domed member '|09 and the diaphragm and the conduit ||3, are enclosed by a. steam jacket ||4, into which steam is admitted from a suitable source through-an inlet tube |5 and from which steam or condensate is withdrawn through a discharge tube H6.

For convenience in attaching the above-described pressure gauge unit to the manifold, the manifold itself may be provided with a T-type connection comprising an inner steam-sulphur conduit ||1 connected with the steam-sulphur conduit 6| of the outer-element of the manifold assembly. An outer jacket ||8 surrounds the conduit ||1 and connects with the interior of the jacket 60 of the outer unit of the manifold assembly. The above-described T-type connection conveniently is provided with a'ange l||9 adapted to be bolted to a corresponding flange |20 secured tothe steam jacket||4 about the conduit ||3 of the pressure gauge assembly. An annular plug (not shown) preferably isv mounted adjacent the flange ||9 between the steam-sulphur conduit and the jacket ||0 of the T connection member for the purpose of closing the annular space between the conduit and the jacket, thus preventing the escape of manifold jacket steam into the jacket of the pressure gauge assembly and out through the bleeder |||.4

The pressure gauge assembly described above serves very well for the purpose of indicating the pressure of steam or molten sulphur being introduced into the well. Of course, other types of pressure gauges than that described above may be employed if desided, but it is important, in order to have accurate pressure readings, to prounit extending vide means for maintaining the steam or sulphur in the pressure gauge in a properly heated condition. This is accomplished by the heating jackets. It is also desirable to employ a pressure gauge such as that described above in which the steam, and especially the molten sulphur, does not actually penetrate the workings of the gauge itself. In the above-described gauge assembly, oil only enters the gauge ||2. The oil is separated mechanically from the steam or molten sulphur by the diaphragm I I but the pressure of the oil depends upon the'pressure of thev steam or molten sulphur transmitted to it through the diaphragm.

Apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention is very well suited for the purpose of introducing molten sulphur or similar substances required to be heated into sub-surface strata.

The casing, with its spiral packer and jack, is' such as to greatly reduce the chances for molten sulphur injected into the ground below the casing to return to the surface of the ground immediately about the casing. The extensible mani- `fold and the means by which it is connected to the sulphur source and to the injection tube permits jacking of the casing, as well as other operations involving vertical motion of the injection tube, to be performed without disconnecting an'y of the apparatus through which molten sulphur or steam is supplied to the injection tube and without imposing any strain on the injection tu-be. Conduits through which steam and sulphur pass on their way to the point of utilization underground are adequately jacketed throughout the apparatus to insure maintenance of proper temperatures. The apparatus is made up for the most part of readily available usv piping and pipe fittings, and can be constructed without particular difficulty or expense. After the casing has been inserted into a well, the apparatus of the invention can be assembled and made ready for use quickly and easily.

We claim:

1. Apparatus for injecting molten sulphur underground comprising a cylindrical casing for insertion into a well, a steam-sulphur injection tube extending substantially concentrically through the casing, and an extensible manifold comprising a pair of telescoping conduits for connecting the injection tube with a source of molten sulphur.

2. Apparatus for injecting molten sulphur underground comprising a cylindrical casing for insertion into a well, a steam-sulphur injection tube extending substantially concentrically through the casing and comprising a cylindrical 3. Apparatus for injecting molten sulphur underground including a casing for insertion into a.

well comprising a cylindrical casing member having a spiral packer element formed about the exterior thereof for insertion into a well, a jack for wedgng the casing tightly in the well comprising a jack plate secured to the upper end of the casing and jack screws adaptedy to bear against the ground and press upwardly against the jack plate, a steam-sulphur injection tube substantially concentrically 7l through' the casing and comprising a cylindrical heating jacket, a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally through the jacket 'in noncommunicating relationship with the interior` thereof, a condensate bleeder extending longithereof, and an insulating jacket surroundingl the condensate bleeder in spaced relation therewith throughout substantially the entire Clength thereof, means for introducing steam into the heating jacket of the injection tube unit, an extensible steam-sulphur manifold for introducing stealmand sulphur into the steam-sulphur conduit .of the injection tube'comprising inner and outer telescoping tubular elements, said inner elementcomprising a cylindrical heating jacket,

' a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinalv ly through the interior lof -said heating jacket in non-communicating relationship therewith, and a steam and condensate return line extending longitudinally through saidheating jacket from a point adjacent one end thereof to -a point adjacent the other end thereof, and saidouter element comprising a cylindrical heating jacket having a steam-sulphur conduit extending. subr ,-stantially concentrically therethrough in noncommunicating' relationship l with the interior thereof, said inner element telescopng within the .steam-sulphur conduit of said outer element,

means comprising telescopig steam conduits for 'introducing steam into the heating, jackets of said'inner and outer elements, means connect- 'ing the steam-sulphur conduit of said inner element with the steam-sulphur conduit of the injection tube, means for introducing steam into the steam-sulphur conduit of the outer element,

' and means for introducing molten sulphur into the steam-sulphur conduit of the outer element from a source of sulphur comprising a cylindrical sulphur conduit having a section thereof vable about its axis, a lower T having its run connected in said turnable section of the sulphur run of the upper T, steam-jacketed valve means' connecting the run of the upper T with the steam-sulphur conduit of the outer .telescoping element, and means for introducing steam into the steam jacket about the outlets of the Ts, the

jacket of the valve means, and the gut line.

g4. Apparatus of the class described comprising a casing assembly for insertion linto a well comprising .a cylindrical casing member having a spiral packer element formed about and secured to theexterior thereof, and a jack for wedging the 'casing tightly in the well comprising a jack plate secured to the upper end of the cylindrical casing member and a ja'ck screw adapted to bear against the ground and press upwardly against the jack plate.

5. Apparatusof the class described comprising a steam-sulphur injection tube assembly comprising an outer tubular jacket, a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinallyathrough said jacket in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof and spaced from the thereof, and an insulating jacket surrounding but spaced from the condensate bleeder for 1substantially the entire length thereof.

6. Apparatus of the class described comprising a steam-sulphur injection tube assembly comprising an outer tubular jacket, a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally through said jacket in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof and opening'to the exterior of the jacket at a point above the lower end thereof, and a wash line extending through the interior of the jacket and opening tothe exterior of the jacket at a point adjacent the lower end thereof.

7. Apparatus of the class described comprising a steam-sulphur injection tube assembly com-f prising an outer tubular jacket, a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally through said .jacket in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof, a wash line extending longitudinally through the jacket and opening to the exterior of Jthe jacket at a point adjacent the ldwer end thereof, means for introducing steam into the jacket, a condensate bleeder extending through the jacket from a point adjacentthe upper end thereof to a point near the lower end `thereof, and an insulating jacket surroundoing but spaced from the condensate bleeder for substantially the entire length thereof.

8. Apparatus of the class described comprising an extensible steam-sulphur manifold assembly comprising telescoping tubular elements, each element comprising an outer, cylindrical jacket and a steam-sulphur conduit extending therethrough in non-communicating relationship wit the interior thereof. I

9. Apparatus of the class `described comprising an extensible steam-sulphur manifold assembly comprising telescoping tubular elements, each element comprising an outer tubular jacket having a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally therethrough in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof, and means comprising telescoping steam supply conduits for.;

introducing steam into'each jacket.

10. Apparatus of the class described comprising an extensible steam-sulphur manifold comprising inner and outer-telescoping elements, said inner Y element comprising a tubular jacket, a steam sul- 11. Apparatus of the class described comprising an extensible steam-sulphur manifold comprising telescoping steam jackets and separate telescoping steam conduits for introducingv steam into each of the telescoping steam jackets.

12. In apparatus of the class described, an ex-4 l' tensible steam-sulphur manifold comprising in ner and outer telcoping elements, said outer element comprising a tubular jacket having a steam-sulphur conduit extending longitudinally therethrough in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof, a separate steam` supply conduit, and means connecting said steam supply conduit with said jacket, and said inner element comprising a. jacket having a'steam-suphur vconduit extending longitudinally there-,

through in non-communicating relationship with the interior thereof', a separate steam supply conduit, and means connecting said steam. supply conduit with said jacket, the jacket of 4salti inner element telescoping within the steam-sulphur conduit ofsad outer element, and the steam supply conduit of said inner element telescoping within the steam supply conduit of said outer element.

I 1,3. In apparatus of the class described including a steam-sulphur conduit and a source of molten sulphur, means for connecting the source of v'si'ilphur with the steam-sulphur conduit comprising a sulphur conduit communicating-with the source of molten sulphur and having a. section thereof turnable about its axis, a lower Tv having its run connected in the turnable section of the sulphur conduit, an upper T having its outlet bearing against the outlet of the lower T, a clamp holding the two Ts together, and means connecting the run of the upper T with the steam- A 'sulphur conduit.

. V 14; In apparatus o! the class desg'brii'ed including a steam-sulphur conduit anda souce of molten sulphur, means for connecting the source of molten sulphur with the steam-sulphur conduit comprising a sulphur conduit communicating with the source ,of molten sulphur and having a section turnable about its axis, a lower T having its run connected in the turnable section of the sulphur conduit, an upper T having its outlet bearing against the outlet of the lower T, a clamp holding the two Ts together, a steam jacket surrounding adjacent portions of the outlets of the two Ts,'a gut line extending' into the v 

